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'Sad is how I am!' Treating Dysthymia in Children and Adults

Section 10
Motherless Monkeys: Stress Hormone Levels & Depression

Question 10 | Test | Table of Contents

The stress response is important for survival and adaptation. The stress response, which involves both emotional and physiological changes, is an adaptive response that motivates our behavior so we can protect ourselves. It is turned on by the brain working in specific neural circuits modulated by neurotransmitters and hormones. There are important individual differences in humans. Some people may have the ability to quickly shut down their emotional, behavioral, and hormonal responses to stressful situations, while others may have prolonged responses. Over time, these prolonged responses could affect physiology and brain function.

For example, increased release of cortisol over a long time could affect glucose regulation, bone density, immune function, and the function of specific brain cells. These individuals could become vulnerable to developing physical and mental diseases. Evidence suggests that overactivity of corticotropin-releasing factor, a brain neurochemical, may play a role in why some people become excessively anxious and depressed. About 50 percent of depressed patients have overactivity of the stress hormone response, which is regulated by corticotropin-releasing factor. Whether this overactivity causes or contributes to depression is unclear. It is also possible that overactivity of this system may play a role in altering the structure and function of certain brain cells.

Studies of childhood experiences may reveal a connection between stress hormone levels and depression. A study by Spitz examined the psychological condition of orphans who were hospitalized and provided with a clean and healthy environment but with very little contact or comfort by the nurses. These children were described as withdrawn, and social interactions with them became increasingly difficult. In more recent studies, data suggests that children who have been deprived of contact or comfort develop alterations in their stress hormonal responses.

Studies of monkeys also can provide some insight into the relationship between stress hormones and depression. One long-ago experiment by Harlow focused on monkeys who were raised apart from their mothers with little or no physical contact with other animals. When these monkeys became mothers, they were either indifferent and withdrawn or violent and abusive to their offspring; they were unable to regulate their own emotions. This suggests that their early experience promoted the development of a vulnerability that proved to be very important when they became adults.

The offspring of these motherless mothers, moreover, began to exhibit similar abnormal behavior. The fact that some of the motherless monkeys were withdrawn and others were abusive reflects the differences among individuals who experience trauma. We can’t give a complete answer as to why one individual responds in one way and another responds in a completely different manner. We’re dealing with very complicated brain systems involving numerous brain chemicals interacting across many brain regions. Scientists hope, that by studying how the stress response system relates to development and depression, they may be able to develop early recognition and new treatment strategies, perhaps targeting early environmental factors as well as the hormonal systems that may be affected.

Adapted from National Institute of Mental Health.

“Personal Reflection” Journaling Activity #7
The preceding section contained information about Stress Hormone Levels and Depression. Write three case study examples regarding how you might use the content of this section of the Manual in your practice.

Update
Selected Biomarkers of Depression:
What Are the Effects
of Cytokines and Inflammation?

Harsanyi, S., Kupcova, I., Danisovic, L., & Klein, M. (2022). Selected Biomarkers of Depression: What Are the Effects of Cytokines and Inflammation?. International journal of molecular sciences, 24(1), 578.

Peer-Reviewed Journal Article References:
Bird, B. M., & Jonnson, M. R. (2020). Have a seat: Supervisee perspectives on using chair-based role plays in clinical supervision. Journal of Psychotherapy Integration, 30(1), 25–35.

Fernández-Theoduloz, G., Paz, V., Nicolaisen-Sobesky, E., Pérez, A., Buunk, A. P., Cabana, Á., & Gradin, V. B. (2019). Social avoidance in depression: A study using a social decision-making task. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 128(3), 234–244.

Greenberg, J., Datta, T., Shapero, B. G., Sevinc, G., Mischoulon, D., & Lazar, S. W. (2018). Compassionate hearts protect against wandering minds: Self-compassion moderates the effect of mind-wandering on depression. Spirituality in Clinical Practice, 5(3), 155–169. 

QUESTION 10
What happened when monkeys who were raised apart from their mothers with little or no physical contact with other animals, became mothers? To select and enter your answer go to Test.

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